1.
A Profile Of Serum Albumin, Globulin Ratio, Total And Differential Leukocytic Count In 6-10 Months Old Buffalo Calves
by Khalid Hameed, Chughtai | Dr. M. Athar Khan | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: One hundred arid fifty samples of each coagulated and non- coagulated blood were collected from buffalo calves (100 healthy and 50 diseased buffalo calves) of 6 to 10 months of age
The samples were analysed for total serum protein, serum albumin, serum globulin and total leuckocytic count by applying Biuret method with commercial kit (Proti) using a spectrophotorneter, and standard techninques of Cole for total leuckocytic count.
The mean total serum protein values for healthy buffalo calves of 6 to 10 months of age were observed between 5.4 19 to 7.468 g/dl. A gradual increase in totalserum protein levels was observed with an increase of age. The total serum protein values for diseased buffalo calves varied as compared to healthy calves. A decrease in mean total serum protein levels. (6.189) was associated with malnutrition, diarrhoea, fever and Fasciollosis as compared to the mean total serum protein levels in healthy calves (6.404). An increase in total serum protein level (5.793 g/dl and 7.576 g/dl) were observed during 6th and 10th month of age as compared to healthy calves (5.419 g/dl and 7.468 g/dl). This increase was due to dehydration.
A gradual increase in mean serum Albumin levels 2.458 to 3.449 g/dl was observed in healthy buffalo calves of 6 to 10 months of age. A significant (P < 0.05) difference in serum albumin values was observed in all age groups both in healthy and diseased buffalo calves. A decrease in serum albumin levels (2.516) was observed In calves suffering from malnutrition, diarrhoea, fever and fasciollosis.
The mean serum globulin levels observed in healthy buffalo calves of 6-10 months of age was observed between 3.218 to 4.144 g/dl. These serum globulin levels showed a gradual increase with increase in age of buffalo calves. An increase in serum globulin level (3.898) was observed in diseased buffalo calves as compared to healthy calves in all age groups. The diseased calves were saffertig from malnutrition, diarrhoea, fever and fasciollosis. A significant (P <0.05) difference in serum globulin values was observed in age group of 6th month of age in healthy and diseased buffalo calves whereas in all other groups it was non-significant. The mean total leukocytic count hveIs observed in healthy buffalo calves of 6 to 10 months of age ranged between 8.765 to 9.655x103 microliter. A gradual increase iii mean total leukocytic count (9.26) x 103 microlitre was observed with an increase of age in healthy buffalo calves of 6 to 10 months of age. An increase in total leukocytic count level (10.966) was observed in diseased buffalo calves as compared to healthy calves in all age groups. A significant (P <0.05) increase in total leukocytic count was observed in calves suffering from diarrhoea, fever and fasciollosis.
From the above mentioned facts it was concluded that these blood parameters are important tools in investigation/diagnosis of many diseases. These parameters enable us to understand and compare the leveI of humoral and cellular defensive components in a natural farm co idition in buffalo calves of 6 to 10 months of age.
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2.
Sero Epidemiology Of Foot And Mounth Disease In Tehsil Chichawatni, District, Sahiwal
by Mahmood Ijaz Gorsi | Dr. M. Athar Khan | Dr. Abdus | Dr. M. Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: On a prescribed questionnaire an active surveillance was conducted in randomly selected 12 outbreak/infected villages of Tehsil Chichawatni District Sahiwal with FMD for epidemiological and serological observations. Morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates in cattle were 63.20%, 15.25% and 28.65% respectively. In young cattle, morbidity, mortality and case fatality were high 56.67%, 22.90% and 40.55% as compared to adult where it was 51.64%, 11.57% and 22.40% respectively.
In buffalo population morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates were 61,69%, 20.80% and 33.72% respectively. Similarly as cattle morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates in young buffalo calves were high 65.82%, 30.77% and 46.75% as compared to adult buffalo 59.46%, 15.40% and 25.90% respectively. Young animals of both species were more effected.
A total loss of Rs.27.449 million due to FMD in cattle and buffaloes were estimated. A total of 240 serum samples from buffaloes and cattle each were collected from the affected villages. In cattle and buffalo 116, 110 serum samples were positive against FMD antibodies through CFT. Serotypes observed in cattle were Asia-i 81(69.82%), type A 12(10.34%) and type 0 23(19.82%). While the buffaloes serotypes Asia-1 type A and type 0 were 71(64.54%), 15(13.63%) and 24 (21.81%) respectively.
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3.
Surveillance Of Disease Problems And Economic Losses In Commercial Broiler Farms In And Around Lahore
by Mudasser Jamil, M | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. M. Athar Khan | Dr. Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: The main objective of present work was to investigate the prevalence of various diseases and economic losses, resulting due to various factors among the commercial broiler farms in and around Lahore. For this purpose, oniy those farms were included, for the purpose of collection of data which had a capacity from 5000 to 2000 birds. A questionnaire was designed to collect the data from each farm that related to morbidity rates, mortality rates, vaccination, susceptible age, managemental fault, economic losses and cost analysis for various diseases. This study project was divided into two portions. During one year retrospective study (October 1996 to September, 1997) data was collected from 28 broiler farms. They had a total capacity of 118,000 birds and overall diseases mortality rate was 9.09%. Important diseases observed in this study were IBD (2.5%), 1-IPS (2.09%), earJ' chick mortality (1.85%) followed by colibacillosis (0.6%). Respire tory disease complex (0.5%), Ascites (0.47%), Coccidiosis (0.4%), Aspergillosis (0.314%) and N.D. (0.05%). Economic losses due to these diseases were calculated to be about 4.7% ed on 10 farms randomly selected out of 28 farms. Influence of season on disease was observed by Jividing a calender year into winter season (October 1996 to March 1997) and summer season (April 1997 to September 1997). Comparison of winter and summer season revealed that the incidence of IBD, Ascites, Respiratory disease complex and early chick mortality were higher in winter than summer, while incidence of hydropericardium coccidiosis and colihacillosis were higher in summer than winter. In second phase of this project, a prospective study was arraiied from January, 1998 to March, 1998 in 22 farms. During this study, 21700 birds were examined and overall 9.91% mortality rate was recorded. Important diseases observed in this prospective study were IBD (2.9%), ECM (2.25%), Respiratory disease complex (1.08%) and lIPS (1.11%) followed by colibacillosis (0.67%), ascites (0.51%), foul typhoid (0.14%), coccidiosis (0.37%), aspergillosis (0.29%), fowl cholera (0.16%) and N.D. (0.13%) n descending order.
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4.
Diagnosis And Treatment Trials Of Simple Indigestion In Sheep And Goat
by Basharat Ali | Dr. M. Sarwar Khan | Dr. Asif | Dr. M. Athar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: This research project was conducted at Outdoor 1-Jospital, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore. Forty animals i.e. sheep and goats suffering from simple indigestion were selected, the diagnosis was based on history clinical signs and physical examination
Laboratory examination including rumen pH, serum pH, Ketone bodies estimation, protozoa motility test and cellulose digestion test were also performed to confirm the diagnosis, Animals were divided into four groups A,B,C, and D comprising 10 animals each. Animals of group A.B and, C were treated with Magnesium sulphate 50 gm. Magnesium hydro-oxide 50 gm and 1-1/2 liter normal saline once orally respectively while group D was kept as untreated control.
Before treatment, rurnen pH, values 5.702±0.195, 5.681±0.180,5.466±0.074,5.813±0.276 and cellulose digestion test time values 31.3±2.4,31.3±2.3,33.6±0.7, 30.1±3.1 hours in the four groups respectively. Minor protozoa! motility was observed alongwith no serious changes in serum pH and absence of ketone bodies in all the groups. few cases of increased rumen pH were due to ingestion of legumes or urea.
After treatment in group A protozoa motility was moderat while Rumen pH, cellulose digestion test time was 6.248±0.127 and 23.7±0.7 hours respectively. In group B which was treated with magnesium hydro-oxide normal rumen pH value was 6.981±0.034 and cellulose digestion test time 12.6±0.6 hours. In group C little protozoal movements were observed with minor improvement in rumen pH and cellulose digestion test time while in group D, the health of the animals further deteriorated with more disturbance in rumen pH and cellulose digestion test time values.
Magnesium hydro-oxide emerged as effective and economical
drug for the treatment of this condition.
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5.
Retrospective Epidemiological Study And Clinico Serological Observations On Haemorrhagic Septicaemia In Cattle And Buffaloes In District Dera Ghazi Khan During 1996
by Zaka Saeed | Dr. M. Athar Khan | Dr. M. Naeem | Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: An active surveillance was conducted to understand the incidence and economic losses due to Haemorrhagic septicaemia in randomly selected 10 villages of tehsil/district Dera Ghazi Khan. The informations about the morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates
related to HS were collected on a prescribed questionnaire during the previous year.
The data of 4248 animals from the affected villages was cllected which included 2963 buffaloes (1042 young and 1921 adult) and 1285 cattle (417 young and 868 adults). The morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates were 22.3%, 19.64% and 88.04% in buffaloes (with 57.58%, 52.30% and 90.83% in young and 3.17%, 1.92% and 60.65% in adult animals) and 6.07%, 3.19% and 52.56% in cattle (with 8.63%, 5.27% and 61.11% in young and 4.83%, 2.18% and 45.23% in adult animals) respectively.
The clinical signs observed were body temperature 104-107°F (17.39%), respiratory distress (14.61%), salivation (14.54%), nasal discharge (9.67%) and edema around throat (9.34%).
The average total serum protein, serum albumin and serum globulin of diseased buffalo were 4.99g/dl, 2.60g/dl and 2.42g/dl while in diseased cattle the values were 5.78g/dl, 2.47g/dl and 2.35g/dl.
Indirect haemagglutination test (IHA) used for the antibody detection against H.S. revealed that the GMT of diseased buffaloes and cattle was lower than that of healthy animals. No carrier buffalo and cattle could be detected by nasopharyngeal swabs.
Economic losses due to haemorrhagic septicaemia have been estimated to be Rs. 2.615 million per annum.
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6.
Effecacy Of Prebiotic Galacto-Olingosaccharides Produced In Low Lactose Skimmed Milk Powder By Transgalactosylation
by Tauseef Ahemd Faiz | Dr. Sanaullah Iqbal | Dr. M. Nasir | Prof. Dr. M. Athar Khan.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Functional food does not only provide nutrition but works as defense against human nutrition related diseases (Menrad et al, 2000). Global market of functional foods industry has worth at least 33 billion US$ (Hilliam, 2000). Functional foods are the foods that provide health gains and can reduce the risk of diseases beside basic nutrition, including health care of gut. The first generation of functional foods involved supplementation of calcium (Ca) and vitamins for their recognized health attributes (Saarela et al, 2002). Among these additives, probiotics and prebiotics have acquired more interest as a major group of functional food additives (Gibson and Ziemer, 1998).
GOS present in commercial milk powder has the ability to promote the growth of bifidobacterium and lactobacilli in vitro reported by the studies (Cummings et al, 2001; Cummings, 1995).The market of GOS in infant formulae milk as a food ingredient and due to its bifidogenic properties is gaining popularity (Chow, 2002). GOS are chiefly used in infant milk formula and infant foods (Crittenden and Playne, 2009). Their remarkable thermostable properties allow them to be incorporated in large variety of foods and commercial products in addition to infant foods (Yang and Silva, 1995). Recently, they have been used in beverages (fruit juices and other acid drinks), meal replacers, fermented milks, flavored milks, and confectionery products (Affertsholt-Allen, 2007).
Laboratory scale reactions for GOS synthesis were carried out by dissolving 600mM lactose solution in phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH: 6.8) to which £]-galactosidase at varying levels was added. As indicated by studies in the literature (Kim, 1997; Barbara et al, 2006; Playne et al, 2009), high lactose concentrations facilitate transglycosylation reactions.
Milk was procured from local market and concentrated for 15 min and milk was stored at refrigeration temp for further analysis. 5ml of milk samples was taken for enzyme analysis 0£gl, 100£gl, 200£gl, 300£gl and 800£gl respectively samples was collected at 30min
_____________________________________________________________SUMMARY
48
and 1hr. Enzyme was denatured by applying heat and samples were analyzed on TLC with lactose and Yakult Oligomate (Oligomate 55N.) as standard.
Large scale milk trial was done with respect to our optimization trial is was carried out temprature of 42.5„a C with 2.5hr reaction time. 10litter milk was transgalactosylated and boiling was done at 100„a C to stop further enzyme acticity. Milk was dried through freeze drying technique in PCSIR lahore.
Mean values for proximate data of Milk powder is presented in table 4.4 shows Dry matter (96.03¡Ó1.12) while for Fat, Ash and Protein values respectively(18.04¡Ó1.53), (4.02¡Ó0.91) and (31.75¡Ó1.41) respectively.
The statistical analysis pertaining to Lactobacilli log10 cfu/g of feces in two groups of mice divided on the basis of prebiotic milk powder incorporation in their diet were highly significant (P <0.01) and also highly significant in study intervals. Similarly bifidobacteria and E.Coli log10 cfu/g in feces of mice were significantly different (P <0.01) in groups and with study interval times.
Functional food product milk powder containing transgalactosylated oligosaccharides milk powder can be used at extensive scale for human trials. This could be value added product in which we could produce prebiotic economically.
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7.
Incidence Spatial Distribution And Associated Topographic Risk Factors Of Malaria In Lahore And Rawalpindi
by Prince naeem | Dr. Mamoona chaudhary | Dr. M. Saed | Prof. Dr. M. Athar khan.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2035,T] (1).
8.
Determination of Biogenic Amines (Histamine & Putrescine) in Sea Fish Dr. Sanaullah Iqbal
by Faseeha Farooqi (2012-VA-541) | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Prof. Dr. M. Athar khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Dissertation note: Biogenic amines (BAs) which are the nitrogenous compounds with lower molecular weight and they are formed by the decarboxylation of free amino acids by bacterial activity in food products during fermentation process and storage of the food (Sorungbe, 2005). Diet having high concentration of these complexes are the main source of biogenic amines in body.The most communal biogenic amines which are identified in food are Putrescine, tyramine, histamine and cadaverine. Uncontrolled microbial enzymatic activity of bacteria causes them to accumulate in food (Adam et al. 1999).
Foods having high quantity of biogenic amines includes fermented vegetables, meat products, fish products, juices, dairy productand alcoholic beverages e-g wine and beer. When biogenic amine histamine is ingested it first reaches to the gastrointestinal tractwhere, it binds to some specific receptors if the detoxification system is not capable to remove it (Jarisch, 2004).
Biogenic amines in bodyinvolves inmany important physiological functions, if their level is high in the body then it signify a direct danger to human well-being. There are some drugs e-g ethanol inhibit enzymes of biogenic amines catabolic pathways (Bodmeret al. 1999).
Presence of biogenic amines can be bad indicator for meat it shows the presence of bacteria in meat which caused spoilage of meat (Miceal et al. 2007).
More quantities of biogenic amines in processed, cooked and fresh foodstuffs can be associated to low sterile quality meat. Histamine which is most common biogenic amine acts as vasodilator and neurotransmitter on cardiovascular system and on central nervous. If histamineexceeds to certain level in body then it causes vomiting,diarrhea,headaches, cramps,stomachache, nausea, migraineand hypotension (Moreira et al. 2008). Histamine stimulatesthe smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus, often increases the exoneration of acid release from gastric mucosa, diarrhea, stomach ache and cramps. Another signs ofhistaminases causes the allergic reactions to the skin which includes pruritus flush and urticarial. Reduction of biogenic aminesin food industry is amission for the future (Prithwiraj et al. 2010).
Improvement of diagnostic standard approaches for identification of biogenic amines in food product is good attention not only because of their toxicity level, on the other hand it can also be used as food quality indicators, consenting biogenic amine checking from raw materials to the ready to eat food. In corresponding, techniques for the identification of biogenic amines generating bacteria been established to access risk of biogenic amines formation in food content and to avoid their accumulation in eatable stuff. Safety of food is the main obligation that should be fulfilled during manufacturing process. While high intensity of biogenic amines are associated to customer health and their deliberations in food still not sufficiently standardized by governing organizations (Lehane et al. 2000). At present time, there are certainly no common regulations which defines the parameters and limits of biogenic amine tolerance in food products. Biogenic amine levels are irregularly distributed in food product on the other hand more control must be used on fermented food products of local source or got with traditional procedures (Paulsen et al. 2007).
It is assumed that the existence of biogenic foodborne harming or poisoning is generally underestimated for the reason that of misdiagnosis and under reporting. We believes that the scientific diffusion of the tools that identify or determine the development of biogenic amines in food and the hazards related to their consumption might contribute to increase the alertness and awareness of hands involved which encourages the more responsible portion and consumption of better protection and quality of food (Patange et al. 2005).
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